ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder persisting in adulthood in 40-60% of cases. Clinical and neuroimaging studies suggest that patients affected by both drug addiction and ADHD show higher rates of craving for drug than patients without ADHD. We designed a pilot open-label study to investigate the effects of ADHD on craving for heroin in methadone maintenance therapy patients. Method Patients were recruited from outpatient facilities in an addiction treatment unit in the municipality of Alba, Italy. They were assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5), the SCID-5 for Personality Disorders (SCID-5-PD), the Diagnostic Interview for Adult ADHD, second edition (DIVA 2.0), and the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). Categorical variables were examined using the chi-square test, and continuous variables, the t-test and Mann-Whitney's U test for normally and non-normally distributed data, respectively. Data distribution was evaluated using Shapiro-Wilk's test. Significance was set at p=0.05. Bonferroni correction was applied (0.0063) to avoid type I error. Results A total of 104 patients were included in the study: 14 affected by ADHD (13.5%) and 90 were not affected (86.5%). Patients with ADHD showed higher intensity of craving for heroin than patients without ADHD in the absence of withdrawal symptoms. Conclusion Drug addiction and ADHD share various neurobiological mechanisms that mutually influence the evolution of both disorders. In particular, dopamine dysfunction within various brain circuits may influence impulsivity levels, motivation, inhibitory control, executive functions, and behavior and, consequently, the intensity of craving.
Resumo Introdução O transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento que persiste na idade adulta em 40-60% dos casos. Estudos clínicos e de neuroimagem sugerem que pacientes afetados tanto por adição quanto por TDAH apresentam maiores índices de fissura (craving) por droga do que pacientes sem TDAH. Este estudo piloto aberto investigou os efeitos do TDAH sobre fissura por heroína em pacientes em terapia de manutenção com metadona. Método Os pacientes foram recrutados em serviços ambulatoriais em uma unidade de tratamento de adição na cidade de Alba, Itália. Eles foram avaliados usando os seguintes instrumentos: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5), SCID-5 for Personality Disorders (SCID-5-PD), Diagnostic Interview for Adult TDAH, second edition (DIVA 2.0) e Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS). Variáveis categóricas foram examinadas utilizando o teste do qui-quadrado, e variáveis contínuas, o teste t e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para dados com distribuição normal e não normal, respectivamente. A distribuição dos dados foi avaliada usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em p=0,05. A correção de Bonferroni foi aplicada (0,0063) para evitar erro tipo I. Resultados Um total de 104 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo: 14 com TDAH (13,5%) e 90 sem (86,5%). Pacientes com TDAH mostraram maior intensidade de fissura por heroína do que pacientes sem TDAH na ausência de sintomas de abstinência. Conclusão Adição e TDAH compartilham mecanismos neurobiológicos que influenciam mutuamente a evolução dos dois transtornos. Em particular, a disfunção da dopamina em vários circuitos cerebrais pode influenciar os níveis de impulsividade, motivação, controle inibitório, funções executivas e comportamento, e, portanto, a intensidade da fissura.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Opiate Substitution Treatment/methods , Craving/physiology , Heroin Dependence/physiopathology , Heroin Dependence/drug therapy , Methadone/administration & dosage , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Pilot Projects , Heroin Dependence/epidemiology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The heroin abuses can seriously damage human body system, among them the damage of cardiovascular system is various. In this paper those damages involved heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, heart function, blood circulation, the changes of some material inside, and complications of cardiovascular system are reviewed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology , Blood Circulation , Blood Pressure , Cardiovascular Diseases/physiopathology , Death, Sudden/etiology , Electrocardiography , Heart Rate , Heroin Dependence/physiopathology , Myocardial Ischemia/etiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To study the changes of electrocardiograms (ECG) and myocardial ultrastructure in heroin dependence in rats, in order to reveal the mechanisms of the myocardial injury by heroin.@*METHODS@#Establish heroin addict model in SD mice, investigate the changes in electrocardiograms, HE staining and myocardial ultrastructure.@*RESULTS@#The electrocardiograms of the addict group had prominently changes, main expressions: heart rate decreased, P wave and T wave amplitude reduced and duration increased, S-T reduced and duration increased, QT interval prolongation, these changes indicated that myocardium had been injured, myocardial ischemia, ventricle function declined. These difference was significant (P<0.05) between before inject heroin and after inject heroin. Transformations in the ultrastructure: nuclear concentrate, reduce, nuclear membrane shrink, chromatin agglutinate, mitochondria cristal had disorder formation, disappeared or hollowed, these indicated that heroin could cause pathological changes in myocardial ultrastructure.@*CONCLUSION@#Above-mentioned changes indicated that heroin can injure myocardium, and the changes of myocardial ultrastructure suggested that myocardial apoptosis may be one of the mechanisms of the myocardial injury by heroin.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Disease Models, Animal , Electrocardiography , Heart Rate , Heroin Dependence/physiopathology , Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology , Myocardium/ultrastructure , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Noções básicas sobre as principais drogas são apresentadas em linguagem didática, reforçada por ilustrações e leituras adicionais. A adequada informação abre caminho para a discussão e a reflexão, práticas capazes de realmente fazer com que o jovem se posicione de maneira consciente em relação a esse assunto
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Amphetamine-Related Disorders , Heroin Dependence/physiopathology , Dependency, Psychological , Illicit Drugs/classification , Illicit Drugs/metabolism , Marijuana Abuse , Tobacco Use Disorder , Cocaine-Related Disorders/physiopathology , Substance-Related Disorders/classification , Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology , Substance-Related Disorders/prevention & control , Alcoholism , Hallucinogens/metabolism , Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/metabolism , Morphine DependenceSubject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Central Nervous System , Central Nervous System Depressants , Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology , Alcoholism , Anti-Anxiety Agents/pharmacology , Heroin Dependence/physiopathology , Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology , Inhalation , Morphine Dependence , Narcotics , SolventsABSTRACT
Radial pulse rate, systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), initial GSR0), GSR after 5 minutes of relaxation (GSR5), auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time, (VRT) were measured in 30 male heroin addicts and compared with 25 male control subjects of similar age group. In heroin addicts DBP was significantly low (71.73 mmHg +/- 7.42, P < 0.05); while SBP although being low (106.13 mmHG +/- 10.08) was not significant. However, radial pulse was significantly higher. GSR0 was significantly higher (P < 0.001) but GSR5 was not significantly higher in these addicts, suggesting less sympathetic activity. In a separate group of ten heroin addicts effect of change in posture from supine to erect on BP was studied. This did not produce any rise in SBP or DBP at 1 and 2 min, suggesting probably inhibition of baroreceptor reflex. Auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) were significantly prolonged (P < 0.001 for each) in addicts, indicating deterioration of processing capability of CNS, or poor sensory-motor performance, or both.
Subject(s)
Acoustic Stimulation , Adult , Autonomic Nervous System/physiopathology , Baroreflex/drug effects , Blood Pressure/drug effects , Galvanic Skin Response/drug effects , Heart Rate/drug effects , Heroin Dependence/physiopathology , Humans , Male , Photic Stimulation , Posture/physiology , Reaction Time/drug effectsABSTRACT
La presente revision pretende reunir algunas de la evidencias existentes acerca del efecto de marihuana, morfina, heroina y cocaina sobre el sistema inminologico. Se hace en primer lugar una breve introduccion sobre los aspectos farmacologicos de cada una de las drogas para luego presentar la informacion relacionada con parametros inmunologicos bien sea en humanos, en modelos animales o in vitro. La conclusion general es que todas estas sustancias tiene accion moduladora sobre la expresion de receptores a nivel de las membranas celulares. El efeto de la cocaina parece ser de modulacion positiva, es decir que mejora las respuestas lo cual se corelaciona con la poca evidencia de enfermedades de origen infeccioso en adictos a esta sustancia, a diferencia de los opiaceos y la marihuana. Es necesario, sinembargo, disenar experimentos con un control mas estricto de todas las variblaes involucradas en la drogadiccion a fin de depurar resultados aparentemente contradictorios que impiden llegar a conclusiones definitivas
This paper reviews some available evidence on the immunological effects of marijuana, morphine, heroine and cocaine. After a short introduction on the pharmacological aspects of these drugs, we present human, animal and In vitro data on different parameters related with the immune system. A general conclusion is that all these drugs modulate the expression of receptors on cellular membranes. Cocaine seems to be a positive modulator since it increases immune responses which agrees with the fact that cocaine addicts do not frequently develop infectious problems. On the contrary, the other drugs seem to induce some immuno suppression and those with addiction to them present infections with a higher frequency. Nevertheless, before a final conclusion can be made, more studies carefully controlling all variables involved in drug addiction should be done in order to solve some of the apparent contradictions frequently found In the Literature